Sacsayhuamán, the fortress-temple complex translated from the local Quechua language as ‘Royal Eagle’, lies at the Northern edge of Cusco. It is one of the most impressive feats of engineering that the Incans produced, proudly sitting alongside Machu Picchu in terms of accomplishment. Although archaeologists discovered that some sections were constructed by the Killke (early South American civilisation) in the 11th century, the Incans expanded the complex in the 13th century and introduced the iconic giant stonework. The design of the site is believed to be modelled on the head of a puma.

Sacsayhuamán is characterised by magnificent stonework of precision-cut blocks up to 4m high, all without the aid of mortar. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 labourers participated in the construction, using rope to haul blocks that weighted up to 100 ton. Equally impressive is that there is such little gap between blocks that it is not possible to insert anything between the blocks. This design has withstood centuries of earthquake and remains in fantastic condition.

The site contains three rows of walls over 500m in length, and 18m high. The zigzag design allows for easier defensibility and blending in with the surrounding mountains. Fitting with the overall design ethos, the walls are said to resemble a puma’s teeth. The three rows are believed to be representations of the three levels of the Incan world, the Ukju Pacha (Underworld), Kay Pacha (Earth’s surface level), and Hanan Pacha (Sky level).

Unfortunately, the Spanish conquistadores decided to repurpose many of the stone blocks for construction works throughout Cusco. The stones that remain are mostly the largest ones, proving too big for Spanish pilfering.

The plaza, which is the largest area of Sacsayhuamán, is capable of holding thousands of people. As the site didn’t need to be used for defensive purposes often, it’s believed that it was the site of large ceremonial functions. In particular, there was a temple dedicated to the sun god Inti, as well as other temples. Even today, the site hosts the annual Inti Raymi festival on the Winter solstice.

Suchuna – This area (rodadero in Spanish), roughly translates as “slide”. The name stems from the smooth channels that have been carved into the rocks, resembling a children’s slide. The original reason for its existence is a little more mundane, most likely an artefact of the quarrying that took place nearby.

Muyuq Marka – Unearthed in 1934, the concentric circle stonework is the remaining foundation of a three-temple complex with aqueducts and fountains. It is believed that the main tower was used as an astronomical observatory. At the rear of the area is a small fort with finely cut windows that provide a view towards Cusco. Unfortunately, this area is off-limits to visitors.